Peran Pemerintah Amerika Serikat dalam Mengurangi Stigmatisasi terhadap Diaspora Tiongkok melalui Undang-Undang Kejahatan Kebencian COVID-19

Authors

  • Aris Tri Prasetyo
  • Tulus Yuniasih
  • Yusran
  • Syahrul Awal

Keywords:

Chinese Diaspora, Stigmatization, COVID-19 Hate Crime Act, Human Rights, United States

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the role of the United States (US) Government in reducing the stigmatization of the Chinese diaspora through the COVID-19 Hate Crime Act. The background problem discussed was the increase in cases of intolerance in the form of stigmatization of the Chinese diaspora which has resulted in verbal and non-verbal crimes in the United States due to the emergence of the COVID-19 Pandemic. In analyzing the case, the author uses the constructivism approach in international relations in applying the concept of human rights, stigmatization, framing, systematic discrimination, positive discrimination, and speech acts. The approach of this research is qualitative, conducted on secondary data based on the results of a literature study. The results of this study explain the role of the US Government in reducing stigmatization targeting the Chinese diaspora due to the increase in cases of COVID-19 treatment. The role analysis focuses on government’s efforts based on the passing of the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act which contains clauses consisting of grants to states or government units to increase the capacity and capabilities of related parties, establishment of hate crime reporting hotlines, and community education discussing hate crimes. With the passing of the COVID-19 Hate Crimes Act, the United States Government has played roles as the regulator in establishing laws to protect the Asian diaspora and as the executor by implementing the regulations pertained to reduce stigmatization of the Chinese diaspora and strengthen domestic law supremacy. Furthermore, this policy also impacts positively not only to the nation but also abroad, such as the stability of bilateral relations with China as well as the fulfilment of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and ICERD which the United States Government has signed as her commitment to cancel all forms of human rights violations.

References

Things You Might Not Know About the United States’ 911 Emergency Telephone Number. (n.d.). Walden University. Diambil 31 Mei 2023, dari https://www.waldenu.edu/online-masters-programs/ms-in-criminal-justice/resource/ten-things-you-might-not-know-about-the-united-states-911-emergency-telephone-number

6 Milion People in the U.S. Identify as Asian, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander. (n.d.). https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/05/aanhpi-population-diverse-geographically-dispersed.html#:~:text=Using data from the 2016,and 3%2C526 people reporting Okinawan.

A Short Summary of Federal Grants. (n.d.). Grants.Gov. Diambil 29 Mei 2023, dari https://www.grants.gov/learn-grants/grants-101.html

Ashari, K. (2020). Kamus Hubungan Internasional dan Diplomasi. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Bainus, A., & Rachman, J. B. (2022). Diaspora dalam Hubungan Internasional. Intermestic: Journal of International Studies, 6(2), 263. https://doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v6n2.1

Banda, O. (2020). Diskriminasi Ras dan Hak Asasi Manusia di Amerika Serikat: Studi Kasus Pembunuhan George Floyd. Jurnal Sosiologi Pendidikan Humanis, 5(2), 120–133.

Chen, H. A., Trinh, J., & Yang, G. P. (2020). Anti-Asian sentiment in the United States – COVID-19 and history. American Journal of Surgery, 220(3), 556–557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.05.020

Clarke, K. (2022). STATEMENT OF ASSISTANT ATTORNEY GENERAL CIVIL RIGHTS DIVISION BEFORE THE SENATE JUDICIARY COMMITTEE “ COMBATING THE RISE IN HATE CRIMES .” 1–22.

Cohn, D. (2015). How U.S. immigration laws and rules have changed through history. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/09/30/how-u-s-immigration-laws-and-rules-have-changed-through-history/

Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide. (2020). Human Right Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/covid-19-fueling-anti-asian-racism-and-xenophobia-worldwide

CRS Responds to Hate Crimes Against Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders. (2021). The US Department of Justice. https://www.justice.gov/crs/highlights/AAPI-hate-crimes

Earl Wysong, Robert Perruci, D. W. (2013). The New Class Society: Goodbye American Dream? Fourth Edition. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Elms, J. (2006). Raising awareness. Occupational Health, 58(1), 23–26. https://doi.org/10.12968/s2514-9768(22)90262-5

Biden-?Harris Administration Highlights Strategy to Address the National Mental Health Crisis. (2022). White House. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/05/31/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-highlights-strategy-to-address-the-national-mental-health-crisis/

The Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States in 2022. (2023). http://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202303/t20230328_11050361.htm

How is the population changing and growing? (n.d.). USA FACTS. Diambil 18 April 2023, dari https://usafacts.org/state-of-the-union/population/

Justice Departemen Annouces New Initiatives to Address and Prevent Hate Crimes and Hate Incidents. (2022). https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/justice-department-announces-new-initiatives-address-and-prevent-hate-crimes-and-hate

Longley, R. (2021). What Is Diaspora? Definition and Examples. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/diaspora-definition-4684331

Mukti, D. T. A. (2017). Dasar Dasar Kajian Teori Hubungan Internasional. E-International Relations Publishing.

New Report: Two Years of Hate Incident Data. (2022). STOP AAPI HATE. https://stopaapihate.org/2022/07/20/new-report-two-years-of-hate-incident-data/

Partner, I. S. M. (n.d.). Why the difference matters. Abyrint. Diambil 30 Mei 2023, dari https://www.abyrint.com/capacity-capability-performance/

Ramdas, L. I. & K. N. (2021). A History of Anti-Asian Hate in the United States. Open Society Foundation. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/a-history-of-anti-asian-hate-in-the-united-states

Reinstein, J. (2021). There Have Been At Least 3,795 Hate Incidents Against Asian Americans During The Pandemic, A New Report Shows. BuzzFeed News. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/juliareinstein/anti-asian-racist-hate-incidents

Rios, E. (2022). Hate incidents against Asian Americans continue to surge, study finds. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jul/21/asian-americans-hate-incidents-study

Russell Jeung Ph.D., Aggie J. Yellow Horse, Ph.D., C. C. (2021). STOP AAPI HATE NATIONAL REPORT. https://stopaapihate.org/2021/05/06/national-report-through-march-2021/

Sorensen, R. J. & G. (2013). Introduction to International Relations Theories and Approaches (4 ed.).

Speakers Urge Greater Action to End Long-Standing Inequalities Worldwide, as General Assembly Marks International Day of Racial Discrimination. (2023). https://press.un.org/en/2023/ga12495.doc.htm

Swanson, A. (2023). The Contentious U.S.-China Relationship, by the Numbers. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/07/business/economy/us-china-relationship-facts.html

U.S. Congress. (2021). Covid-19 Hate Crimes Act. 265–272.

Weiss, P. (2021). A Rising Tide of Hate and Violence against Asian Americans in New York During COVID-19?: Impact , Causes , Solutions. Asian American Bar Association of New York.

Downloads

Published

2024-06-28

How to Cite

Prasetyo, A. T., Yuniasih, T., Yusran, & Awal, S. (2024). Peran Pemerintah Amerika Serikat dalam Mengurangi Stigmatisasi terhadap Diaspora Tiongkok melalui Undang-Undang Kejahatan Kebencian COVID-19. Balcony, 8(1), 1–17. Retrieved from https://jom.fisip.budiluhur.ac.id/index.php/balcony/article/view/664

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 1 (2024)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Aris Tri Prasetyo, Tulus Yuniasih, Yusran, Syahrul Awal

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

In submitting the manuscript to the Balcony (Budi Luhur Journal of Contemporary Diplomacy) , the authors certify that:

  • They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
  • The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
  • That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
  • The publication has been approved by the author(s) and by responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
  • They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
  • They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.

License and Copyright Agreement

Authors who publish with Balcony (Budi Luhur Journal of Contemporary Diplomacy) agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the Balcony (Budi Luhur Journal of Contemporary Diplomacy) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the Balcony (Budi Luhur Journal of Contemporary Diplomacy) published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.

Most read articles by the same author(s)

1 2 > >>