PERANG SIBER SEBAGAI ANCAMAN MULTIDIMENSIONAL DALAM PERSPEKTIF GLOBAL, REGIONAL, DAN NASIONAL
Keywords:
ancaman multidimensional, cybercrime, cyberwarfare, keamanan siber, risk governance, securitizationAbstract
Cybercrime and cyberwarfare have evolved into major transnational threats over the past two decades. Unlike conventional crimes, cyberattacks cross national borders without physical barriers, creating new dilemmas for states in safeguarding sovereignty and security. The World Economic Forum (2025) ranks cybercrime among the greatest global risks, with estimated annual economic losses reaching USD 10.5 trillion. This threat is systemic, affecting economic stability, political legitimacy, social cohesion, and democratic processes. This study employs a normative-analytical approach using the risk governance framework and securitization theory. Classical typologies such as cybertrespass, cybertheft, cyberobscenity, and cyberviolence are enriched with contemporary forms, including digital steganography and AI-driven cybercrime. From an International Relations perspective, realism views cyberattacks as instruments of state power, liberalism emphasizes international cooperation, and constructivism highlights the formation of global norms such as the Tallinn Manual. In the Indonesian context, ransomware attacks on hospitals, political hoaxes, and biometric data exploitation reveal structural vulnerabilities arising from low digital literacy and weak adaptive regulation. The main conclusion is that cybercrime must be understood as a multidimensional threat requiring the integration of technical, social, political, and ethical dimensions through legal regulation, digital literacy, international cooperation, and the development of global norms.
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