Analisis Faktor-Faktor Utama dalam Konsolidasi Demokrasi di Tunisia Paska Arab Spring (Tahun 2011 - 2014)

Authors

  • Dhea Veryna Novemta Simatupang
  • Arya Sandhiyudha AS

Keywords:

consolidation of democracy, Arab Spring, Ennahda Party, Tunisia

Abstract

This study discusses about democracy consolidation in Tunisia and the factors that supporting the democracy consolidation in Tunisia post Arab Spring, and that topic are using the paradigm of liberalism through the concept of democratic, and the concept of passive secularism that influence with political culture concept. Arab Spring that occurred in Tunisia successfully overthrew the authoritarian government of Ben Ali, and brought Tunisia into the era of consolidating democracy. In contrast to the conditions of other Arab countries that are still in conflict to get out of the influence the old regime. In Post colonial, Tunisia is a secular state that lives in authoritarian leadership, so the presence of Islamic political actors Ennahda became the Major Tunisians choice at the time. The presence of democracy in Tunisia is evidence of an attempt to consolidate democracy by the post Arab Spring government. Successful democratic values ​​such as the holding of fair elections in 2011, the existence of coalitions with opposition groups, and of course the policy that is not authoritarian. The presence of democratic values ​​in Tunisia is supported by the main factors, based on the paradigm of Liberalism through the issue of democracy with its ideology, then the influence of political culture, and the concept of passive secularism carried by the ennahda party.

References

Abdo-Katsipis, Carla B. (2017). “Islamists in Power and Women’s Rights: The Case of Tunisia”. United States: Crown Center for The Middle East Studies. https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB112.pdf diakses pada 9 November 2017.
Aljazeera. (2011, 28 Oktober). “Ennahda wins Tunisia's elections“. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/10/2011102721287933474.html diakses pada 30 November 2017.
Aljazeera. (2011, 27 Oktober). “Who are Tunisia's political parties?“. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2011/10/201110614579390256.html diakses 30 November 2017.
Aljazeera. (2014, 27 Maret). “Revealing Tunisia's corruption under Ben Ali” http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/03/revealing-tunisia-corruption-under-ben-ali-201432785825560542.html diakses pada 1 November 2017.
Awaludin, Hamid. (2012). “HAM, Politik, Hukum, & Kemunafikan Internasional”. Jakarta: PT Kompas Media Nusantara.
Baker, Veronica. (2015). “The Role of Civil Society in the Tunisian Democratic Transition”. Boulder: Undergraduate Honors Theses. https://scholar.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2212&context=honr_theses diakses pada 27 November 2017.
BBC News.(2011, 25 Oktober). “Profile: Tunisia's Ennahda Party“. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15442859 diakses pada 22 November 2017
BBC News. (2013, 25 Juli). “Tunisian politician Mohamed Brahmi assassinated”. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-23452979 diakses pada 10 Desember 2017.
Center for the Study of Islam and Democracy. (2015). “Rached Ghannouchi Lecture on National Dialogue Remarks”. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIE0gJufI8w diunduh pada 24 Desember 2017.
Chamki, Tarek. (2013). “Neo-Islamism Post Arab Spring”. Australian Political Studies Association: Murdoch University. https://www.auspsa.org.au/sites/default/files/neo_islamism_post_arab_spring_tarek_chamkhi.pdf diakses pada 15 Oktober 2017.
El Hassane Aissa, Lieutenant Colonel. (2012). “The Arab Spring: Causes, Consequences, and Implications”. United States: United States Army War College Class of 2012. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/b596/920c72028efc1ee888fc41f37669cb3402ee.pdf diakses pada 4 Oktober 2017.
Encyclopædia Britannica. (2015, 30 November). “Rachid Al-Ghannouchi Tunisian Political Activist”. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rachid-al-Ghannouchi diakses pada 30 November 2017.
Fanani, Ahmad. (2016). “Rivalitas Arab Saudi-Iran Di Yaman Era Arab Spring 2010-2016”. Yogyakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. http://repository.umy.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/6109/k.%20Naskah%20Publikasi.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y diakses pada 9 November 2017.
Ghafur, Muhammad Fakhry. (2014). “Religion and Democracy: The Emergence of The Power Of Political Islam In Tunisia, Egypt And Libya”. Jakarta: LIPI. http://Ejournal.Politik.Lipi.Go.Id/Index.Php/Jpp/Article/Viewfile/203/87 diakses Pada 9 November 2017.
Ghafur, Muhammad Fakhry. (2012). “Demokratisasi Dan Fenomena Kebangkitan Politik Islam di Timur Tengah”. Jakarta: LIPI http://www.politik.lipi.go.id/kolom/kolom-2/timur-tengah/610-demokratisasi-dan-fenomena-kebangkitan-politik-islam-di-timur-tengah diakses pada 28 November 2017.
Hwang, Julie. (2015).Peaceful Islamist Mobilization in the Muslim World: What Went Right. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. https://books.google.co.id/books?isbn=0230100112. Diunduh pada1 Oktober 2017.
Irfront. (2016, 20 Oktober). “Rachid al-Ghannouchi Sebagai Demokrat Islam”. https://irfront.net/post/articles/rachid-al-ghannouchi-sebagai-demokrat-islam/ diakses pada 7 Desember 2017.
Kuru, Ahmet T. (2012).“Islam, Secularism, and Democracy: Is There A Turkish Exceptionalism?”, California: San Diego State Univercity. https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/boisi/pdf/s12/Turkish%20Democracy%20-%20Panel%201%20%20-%20Ahmet%20T%20Kuru.pdf diakses pada 9 Oktober 2017.
Logan, Tyler Pentland. (2012). “When Authoritarianism Failed In Tunisia: An Investigation Of The Ben Ali Regime And The Factors That Led To Its Downfall”. Washington: A Thesis of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/557507/Logan_georgetown_0076M_11838.pdf;sequence=1, diakses pada 23 Oktober 2017.
Musaddad, Labib. (2013). “Arab Spring”. Depok: Karya Ilmiah Non Seminar Universitas Indonesia. http://lib.ui.ac.id/file?file=digital/20368972-MK-Labieb%20Musaddad.pdf diakses pada 27 Oktober 2017.
Ounissi, Sayida. (2016). “Ennahda from within: Islamists or “Muslim Democrats”?” United States: Project on US Relations With The Islamic World. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Ounissi-RPI-Response-FINAL.pdf diakses pada 9 Desember 2017.
Pirie, Ian. (2010). “Political Philosophy Part 2”. http://imagining-other.net/pp13liberalismadamsmith.htm diakses pada 14 Januari 2018.
Ramadan, Tariq. (2012).Islam And The Arab Awakening, New York: Oxford University. https://books.google.co.id/books?isbn=0199933731. Diunduh pada 1 Oktober 2017.
Saif, Ibrahim & Muhammad Abu Rumman. (2012). “The Economic Agenda of The Islamist Parties”. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://www.scribd.com/document/138099857/The-Economic-Agenda-of-the-Islamist-Parties diakses pada 6 Desember 2017.
Sahide, Ahmad.(2015).”The Arab Spring: Membaca Kronologi dan Faktor Penyebabnya”. Yogyakarta: Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. http://journal.umy.ac.id/index.php/jhi/article/view/2237 di diakses 2 Oktober 2017.
Salih, Kemal Eldin Osman. (2013). “The Roots and Causes of The 2011 Arab Uprisings”. Arab: Pluto Journals. http://www.pinxit.com/page101/page115/downloads-23/files/Arab_Spring_Causes.pdf diakses pada 16 Oktober 2017.
Schäfer, Isabel. (2014). ”The Tunisian Transition: Torn Between Democratic Consolidation and Neo-Conservatism in an Insecure Regional Context”. Publication and coordination: European Institute of the Mediterranean. https://www.die-gdi.de/uploads/media/Tunisian_Transition_EuroMeSCo_Paper_25_Isabel_Schaefer.pdf di diakses 2 Oktober 2017.
Shahin, Emad El Din.(2006). “Secularism Manipulating Islam: Politics and Religion in Tunisia”. Seminar: God’s Rule and Cesar’s Rule: Exploring the Spaces between Theocracy and Secularism. http://emadshahin.com/eshahin2/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Secularism-Tunisia-Final.pdf diakses pada 5 Oktober 2017.
Shults, E.Mary. (2014). "Tunisia: Democracy and Islam in post-Arab Spring Politics". Departmental Honors Thesis: Political Science International and Comparative Studies. http://scholar.utc.edu/honors-theses diakses pada 4 Oktober 2017.
Stepan, Alfred. (2012). ”Tunisia’s transition and the twin tolerations”. Southeast Asia: National Endowment for Democracy and The Johns Hopkins University Press. https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/sites/default/files/Stepan-23-2.pdf diakses pada 20 Oktober 2017.
The Carter Center. (2011). National Constituent Assembly Elections in Tunisia. Atlanta: Carter Center, hal.32, https://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/tunisia-final-oct2011.pdf diakses pada 24 November 2017.

Downloads

Published

2018-02-23

How to Cite

Simatupang, D. V. N., & Sandhiyudha AS, A. (2018). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Utama dalam Konsolidasi Demokrasi di Tunisia Paska Arab Spring (Tahun 2011 - 2014). Balcony, 2(1), 55–66. Retrieved from https://jom.fisip.budiluhur.ac.id/index.php/balcony/article/view/91

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2018)

Section

Articles

License

In submitting the manuscript to the Balcony (Budi Luhur Journal of Contemporary Diplomacy) , the authors certify that:

  • They are authorized by their co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
  • The work described has not been formally published before, except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, review, thesis, or overlay journal.
  • That it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere,
  • The publication has been approved by the author(s) and by responsible authorities – tacitly or explicitly – of the institutes where the work has been carried out.
  • They secure the right to reproduce any material that has already been published or copyrighted elsewhere.
  • They agree to the following license and copyright agreement.

License and Copyright Agreement

Authors who publish with Balcony (Budi Luhur Journal of Contemporary Diplomacy) agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the Balcony (Budi Luhur Journal of Contemporary Diplomacy) right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors can enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the Balcony (Budi Luhur Journal of Contemporary Diplomacy) published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or edit it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) before and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.